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BPC-157 Anti-inflammatory, VEGF upregulation, dopamine D2 receptor modulation Indirect. Normalizes receptor expression in dopamine blockade models Subcutaneous injection (250–500 mcg daily) Preclinical only. Rodent catalepsy mode…
BPC-157 Promotes angiogenesis and VEGF expression at injury sites Acute tendon/ligament tears, localized joint inflammation 250–500 mcg daily, split into 2 doses 5–10 days for pain reduction, 3–4 weeks for structural healing Gold…
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Melanocortin-3 and Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist in hypothalamus. Directly increases sexual arousal independent of testosterone 30–60 minutes subcutaneous 4–6 hours 0.75–2.0mg subcutaneous 45 minutes befo…
| Peptide Compound | Primary Mechanism | Mean Weight Loss (Clinical Data) | Appetite Suppression | Lipolysis Activation | Research Stage | Professional Assessment ||—|—|—|—|—|—|| Tirzepatide (dual GIP/GLP-1) | Incretin receptor a…
Glutathione (GSH) is the primary intracellular antioxidant and the rate-limiting cofactor for Phase II detoxification enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) that conjugate heavy metals for biliary and renal excretio…
Bremelanotide (PT-141) MC3R/MC4R agonist. Increases hypothalamic dopamine and arousal signaling Subcutaneous injection (1.75mg) FDA-approved for HSDD; Phase 3 RCT data 40% experience nausea in first 2 doses; requires 45-min pre-a…
Here's the honest answer: oral 'mitochondrial support' supplements sold as CoQ10, PQQ, or NAD+ precursors don't restore mitochondrial function the way research peptides do. Not even close. CoQ10 improves electron transport chain …
The table below compares the three peptide classes with the strongest preclinical and clinical evidence for mitochondrial restoration. Each acts through a distinct mechanism, making combination protocols more effective than monot…
BPC-157 FAK-paxillin pathway activation → fibroblast migration + VEGF upregulation for angiogenesis 250–500mcg daily subcutaneous, localized injection near injury site, 4–6 week cycle Moderate. Animal models show 42% faster tendo…
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist. Activates hypothalamic desire circuits independent of hormone levels 30–45 minutes subcutaneous FDA-approved for HSDD based on Phase 3 RCTs (n=1,267). Strongest human eviden…
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Increases intracellular glutathione synthesis by providing rate-limiting cysteine substrate Oral. Absorbed intact, crosses BBB 600–1200mg twice daily Mercury, lead, cadmium (via GSH conjugation) Gold standa…
Before selecting a peptide, understand that purity, peptide sequence accuracy, and reconstitution stability determine whether the compound delivers its intended biological effect. Or degrades into inactive fragments before it rea…
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalin) Immune modulation; reduces inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) that inhibit epithelial repair Not typically used topically 0.5–2.0 mg subcutaneous, twice weekly 4–6 weeks Best for cases where chro…
BPC-157 VEGF upregulation, NO pathway modulation, collagen organization 200–500 mcg daily (animal models) Freezing phase (weeks 0–12) 2–8°C refrigerated, 28-day stability post-reconstitution Strongest evidence for early inflammat…
Epithalamin Pineal extract; TERT upregulation 33.4% telomere length increase in elderly patients (12 months) Limited Russian trials; no large Western RCTs Research use only; not commercially available Strongest published human da…
Cerebrolysin BDNF/GDNF upregulation in dopaminergic neurons High (mixture of low-MW neuropeptides) 30mL IV infusion, 5×/week for 4 weeks Multiple Phase III trials, meta-analysis published Strongest clinical evidence for adjunct n…
GLP-1 Agonists (Semaglutide, Tirzepatide) Insulin sensitisation, reduced hepatic glucose output, slowed gastric emptying 30–40% hepatic fat reduction, 59% NASH resolution in NEJM trial 2.4mg weekly (semaglutide), 10–15mg weekly (…
BPC-157 VEGF modulation, nitric oxide signaling, tight junction protein synthesis Gut barrier restoration, reduced intestinal permeability, decreased systemic LPS translocation 250–500 mcg SC twice daily 4–8 weeks for barrier mar…
CJC-1295 with DAC GHRH analogue. Stimulates pituitary GH synthesis and release, extended half-life 38–50% (monotherapy) Once or twice weekly (subcutaneous) Requires combination with GHRP for optimal effect Most reliable long-term…
BPC-157 VEGFR-2 upregulation drives angiogenesis; fibroblast migration acceleration 200–500 mcg daily SC, near injury site Animal models + case reports; no RCTs Requires daily dosing; local administration preferred TB-500 Actin p…