What is protein FAQ

S. aureus is a Gram-positive and cocci-shaped bacterium, meaning that it appears purple with ‘Gram stain’, and these bacterial are seen as clusters of small, spherical cells. S. aureus is a part of the human microbiome – mostly being found on the surface of the skin and all mucous membranes (e.g. eyes, mouth and ears). They are opportunistic bacteria, meaning that if a break in the skin occurs, or if the host becomes immunodeficient in some way, S. aureus can eventually cause an infection. When S. aureus does infect a human host, it may result in a variety of different diseases, but very commonly it causes recurrent soft tissue and skin infections. These infections have become more prevalent in recent years, mainly as nosocomial forms, as methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) have evolved in hospitals across the western world. In humans, protein A (once it is released into the extra-cellular environment) can bind with the ‘Fc’ fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and has been observed to be antiphagocytic in vitro - which is consistent with its IgG binding abilities, as binding to IgG can interfere with bacterial attachment by the antibody. This means that it can prevent itself from being destroyed by certain elements of the human immune system (as was also similarly observed in the guinea pig experiment from 2013). S. aureus infections, such as endocarditis, are usually treated with a strong course of antibiotics. Protein A can therefore function slightly differently in different species, but always has the same goal: it interferes with the host’s B-cells within their immune system to prevent S. aureus from being phagocytosed and destroyed. This is an ideal adaptation, and when coupled with the known propensity of S. aureus to be more easily transmitted than other coagulase-positive bacteria, it indicates faster and more widespread bacterial transmission.

The main function of Protein A within the cell wall of S. aureus bacteria involves the host’s immune system. It is a virulence determinant (a molecule which determines how easily a pathogen can cause disease in a host) and plays a role in suppressing host B-cell responses - which therefore assists in preventing the host immune response from damaging the bacteria. Protein A also binds to the ‘Fc region’ of IgG, and also to the ‘Fab regions’ of B-cells – triggering processes which ultimately block opsonophagocytosis, and kills the B-cells that it comes in contact with. An experiment performed in 2015 showed that guinea pigs which were purposely infected with the S. aureus bacterial strain called SpAKKAA showed increased anti-S. aureus immune response. Immunisation with the SpAKKAA strain can be used to elicit the production of neutralizing antibodies – enabling the guinea pigs to develop sufficient protective immunity.

Protein S prevents excessive blood clotting and clot formation in the veins. Deficiency of this vital substance causes venous thromboembolism (VTE). Hereditary protein S deficiency is a genetic disease that runs in families. This is a very rare condition, affecting 0.03% to 0.13% of people. If you have low protein S activity, you are at risk for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or both. Such clot formation can be provoked by:

Protein S is a protein made by the liver. Together with other proteins, it reduces thrombin formation. Thrombin is an essential part of blood clotting. Clot formation is necessary to preserve life. Without proper clotting, events like childbirth and injuries would cause immense blood loss and even death. But blood clotting must be controlled. The clotting factors that form clots are always present in the bloodstream. Without curbs, they would form clots within the blood vessels and block them. Many proteins are involved in the formation and control of blood clots. Protein S activity is a vital part of normal blood clotting and its control. Protein S, protein C, anti-thrombin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) restrict clotting and prevent abnormal clot formation. Protein S is so named because it was first isolated and studied in Seattle. It was discovered in 1976, and new functions are still being discovered.

Your physician may ask for this test if you are at risk for clotting disease.