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MOTS-C operates through the mitochondrial genome. Not the nuclear genome. Binding directly to mitochondrial ribosomes to upregulate genes controlling oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. A 2021 study in Cell Metab…
MOTS-C Mitochondrial transcription upregulation, increases ATP synthesis 30–40% Cell Metabolism 2021: improved glucose uptake 35%, reduced lactate during exertion Yes. Mitochondrial adaptations persist 8+ weeks after dosing stops…
Thymalin Thymic immune modulation. Restores T-regulatory cell output and reduces IL-6 signalling Immune dysregulation with elevated cytokines or reduced NK cell function 5–10 mg subcutaneous 3× weekly for 4–6 weeks Russian immuno…
The table below compares the three primary peptide categories used in clinical fatigue protocols. Each targets a distinct biological mechanism, and the choice depends on the underlying cause of the fatigue. Thymalin Immune restor…
Thymalin Restores thymopoiesis; normalises T-cell maturation and reduces inflammatory cytokines 38% reduction in fatigue scores in post-viral syndrome patients (10-day course, Russian clinical data) 5–10mg subcutaneous, 5–10 cons…
Thymalin Thymic peptide signalling, T-cell regulation Immune-dominant (elevated cytokines, NK cell dysfunction) 2–3x weekly subcutaneous Moderate (published cytokine normalisation data in post-viral fatigue) Best first-line choic…
Thymalin T-regulatory cell modulation, thymulin restoration, IL-6 reduction Observational studies, small RCTs (n=40–80) 20 days (10 injections) Requires zinc cofactor saturation; IM administration only Strongest evidence for immu…