NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs): Uses

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NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can reduce pain, fever and other types of inflammation. Common over-the-counter NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen sodium. Healthcare providers can also prescribe stronger NSAIDs when appropriate.

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NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are medications that reduce inflammation, pain and fever. There are many different types of NSAIDs, including nonprescription and prescription strength. Healthcare providers use them to treat a wide range of symptoms, from headaches and dental pain to arthritis and muscle stiffness.

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You can buy NSAIDs in several forms, including:

• Tablets or capsules.
• Liquid.
• Gels and creams.
• Suppositories.

Common nonprescription strength NSAIDs include:

• Aspirin (Bayer®, St. Joseph®).
• Ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®).
• Naproxen sodium (Aleve®).

Some of the most common prescription-strength NSAIDs include:

• Celecoxib (Celebrex®).
• Diclofenac (Voltaren®).
• Fenoprofen (Nalfon®).
• Indomethacin (Indocin®).
• Ketorolac (Toradol®).

Healthcare providers use NSAIDs to treat:

• Muscle aches.
• Arthritis.
• Tendonitis.
• Back pain.
• Bursitis.
• Toothaches.
• Menstrual cramps.

NSAIDs stop your body from producing certain chemicals that cause inflammation. NSAIDs work like corticosteroids without steroid side effects.

Steroids are synthetic drugs similar to cortisone, a naturally occurring hormone. Like cortisone, NSAIDs reduce pain and inflammation.

Don’t use an over-the-counter NSAID continuously for more than three days for fever and 10 days for pain unless your provider says it’s OK. Over-the-counter NSAIDs work well for relieving pain, but you should only use them short term.

If your provider clears you to take NSAIDs for a long period of time, you should keep an eye out for harmful side effects like stomach pain or heartburn. If you develop side effects, your provider can recommend an alternative treatment.

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NSAIDs are very effective for:

• Reducing inflammation.
• Easing pain.
• Decreasing stiffness.
• Reducing fever.

Some people develop stomach ulcers from taking NSAIDs. To reduce your risk of ulcers, always take NSAIDs with food (preferably, a full meal).

While NSAIDs are effective for relieving symptoms, they don’t help your body heal. In fact, research suggests that these medications can actually slow your body’s natural healing process. A healthcare provider can help you weigh the risks and benefits of using NSAIDs and find a treatment that’s right for you.

In general, you should avoid taking NSAIDs if you have:

• Stomach ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Kidney disease.
• Liver disease.
• GERD (chronic acid reflux).
• Crohn’s disease.
• Ulcerative colitis.
• Unmanaged diabetes.
• High blood pressure that’s difficult to manage.
• Bleeding disorders.
• Heart failure.
• A history of stroke or heart attack.

You also shouldn’t take NSAIDs if you’re pregnant or plan on getting pregnant.

Additionally, if any of the following apply to you, check with your provider before taking NSAIDs:

• Children and teenagers with viral infections (with or without fever) shouldn’t take aspirin or aspirin-containing products due to the risk of Reye's syndrome (a rare but deadly illness that can affect their brain and liver).
• Those who have an upcoming surgical procedure, including oral surgery.
• People who have beverages containing alcohol every day.
• Asthma that gets worse when taking aspirin.
• If you’re 65 or older.

You may develop side effects if you take large doses of NSAIDs, or if you take them for a long time. Some side effects are mild and go away, while others are more serious and need medical attention.

Unless your healthcare provider tells you to do so, don't take:

• Over-the-counter NSAIDs with prescription NSAIDs.
• Multiple over-the-counter NSAIDs.
• More than the recommended dose of NSAIDs.

Doing so could increase your risk of side effects.

The most frequently reported side effects of NSAIDs are gastrointestinal (stomach and gut) symptoms, such as:

Taking NSAIDs with food, milk or antacids may reduce your risk for these gastrointestinal symptoms. But if these symptoms continue for more than a few days, let a healthcare provider know.

Additional side effects of NSAIDs include:

• Dizziness.
• Feeling lightheaded.
• Balance issues.
• Difficulty concentrating.
• Mild headaches.

If these symptoms go on for more than a few days, stop taking the NSAID and call a provider.

If you have any of these side effects, call your healthcare provider right away:

Gastrointestinal/urinary

• Black stools (poop) — bloody or black, tarry stools.
• Cloudy urine (pee).
• Blood in your pee.
• Severe stomach pain.
• Blood or material that looks like coffee grounds in vomit (bleeding may occur without warning symptoms like pain).
• Inability to pee, or a change in how much you pee.
• Unusual weight gain.
• Jaundice.

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Head (vision, hearing, etc.)

• Blurred vision.
• Ringing in your ears (tinnitus).
• Photosensitivity (greater sensitivity to light).
• Very bad headache.
• Difficulty speaking or thinking.
• Balance issues.

Possible allergic reactions and other issues

• Fluid retention (edema).
• Severe rash or hives or red, peeling skin.
• Itchy skin (pruritus).
• Unexplained bruising and bleeding.
• Wheezing, trouble breathing or unusual cough.
• Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, palpitations.
• Fatigue.
• Flu-like symptoms.
• Severe back pain.

No, acetaminophen isn’t an NSAID. It relieves pain and reduces fever. But unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen (like Tylenol®) doesn’t reduce inflammation.

Acetaminophen doesn’t cause as many gastrointestinal issues as NSAIDs, though. So, if you’re prone to stomach issues, acetaminophen might be a better option for you. Check with your provider if you have questions about what kind to take.

It’s rare, but NSAIDs can cause a generalized allergic reaction known as anaphylactic shock. If this happens, it’s usually soon after you start taking the NSAID. The symptoms of this reaction include:

• Swollen eyes, lips or tongue.
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• Rapid heart rate.
• Chest pain or tightness.

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If any of these symptoms occur, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) or have someone drive you to the emergency room immediately.

When your back aches, your head hurts, arthritis acts up or you’re feeling feverish, an NSAID can give you the quick relief you need. They’re safe when used correctly. But it’s not a good idea to take them if you have certain health conditions. Ask your healthcare provider if NSAIDs are right for you.

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Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.

Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.

• American Academy of Family Physicians. Pain Relievers: Understanding Your OTC Options (http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/drugs-procedures-devices/over-the-counter/pain-relievers-understanding-your-otc-options.html). Last reviewed 4/2022. Accessed 7/24/2023.
• American College of Gastroenterology. Common GI Problems in Women: The Dangers of Aspirin and NSAIDs (http://s3.gi.org/patients/cgp/pdf/Wnsaids.pdf). Accessed 7/24/2023.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA strengthens warning that non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause heart attacks or strokes (https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-non-aspirin-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory). Last reviewed 2/26/2018. Accessed 7/24/2023.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Health Hints: Use Caution with Pain Relievers (https://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergencypreparedness/bioterrorismanddrugpreparedness/ucm133425.htm). Last reviewed 12/7/2015. Accessed 7/24/2023.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. Pain Relievers (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/painrelievers.html). Last review not listed. Accessed 7/24/2023.

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