Understand the source comparison
What determines whether a peptide can be administered orally vs requiring injection?
Oral bioavailability requires the peptide to survive gastric acid and proteolytic enzymes, cross the intestinal epithelium, and reach systemic circulation at therapeutic concentrations. Fewer than 1% of unmodified peptides achieve this. Structural modification
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- Oral bioavailability requires the peptide to survive gastric acid and proteolytic enzymes, cross the intestinal epithelium, and reach systemic circulation at therapeutic concentrations. Fewer than 1% of unmodified peptides achieve this. Structural modifications like cyclisation or permeation enhancers can enable oral delivery, but most therapeutic peptides require subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection.