Understand the source comparison
LL-37 Research: Pathogen Type Comparison
Understanding how LL-37 performs across different pathogen classes guides experimental design and application selection. The following comparison synthesizes published MIC data, mechanism distinctions, and research model performance. Gram-negative bacteria 2–1
No winner is assigned.
This page preserves a source comparison for education. It does not add a rating, recommendation or clinical judgment.
- Understanding how LL-37 performs across different pathogen classes guides experimental design and application selection. The following comparison synthesizes published MIC data, mechanism distinctions, and research model performance.
- Gram-negative bacteria
- 2–16 μg/mL (low salt); 8–64 μg/mL (physiological salt)
- Membrane disruption + LPS neutralization
- Antibiotic resistance, sepsis, biofilm studies
- Salt sensitivity reduces efficacy in serum-based assays
- Excellent for mucosal/epithelial models; moderate for systemic infection
- Gram-positive bacteria
- 2–8 μg/mL
- Membrane disruption + peptidoglycan binding
- MRSA, Streptococcus, antibiotic synergy
- Protease degradation in tissue environments
- High efficacy; strong candidate for combination therapy research
- Enveloped viruses
- 10–40 μg/mL (IC50 for entry inhibition)
- Envelope disruption + GAG receptor competition
- Influenza, RSV, HSV, HIV entry studies
- Requires high concentrations; limited post-entry activity
- Promising for prophylaxis research; less viable for established infection
- Fungal pathogens
- 8–32 μg/mL
- Membrane disruption + biofilm interference
- Candida biofilms, invasive aspergillosis
- Higher MICs than bacteria; toxicity concerns at therapeutic doses
- Valuable for biofilm research; topical applications more feasible
- Biofilm-embedded bacteria
- 8–64 μg/mL (2–4× planktonic MIC)
- Biofilm penetration + matrix disruption
- Device-associated infections, chronic wounds
- Concentration-dependent toxicity limits in vivo dosing
- Superior to conventional antibiotics for biofilm penetration research