Understand the source comparison
Glow Stack Research Comparison: Peptide Mechanisms and Evidence Quality
MOTS-c AMPK activation via AICAR binding 30–50% increase in oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis (cell culture) One uncontrolled pilot study (n=19) showing 12% VO₂max improvement USC Leonard Davis School (Nature Medicine 2015), Keio University (Cell Metabolism
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- MOTS-c
- AMPK activation via AICAR binding
- 30–50% increase in oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis (cell culture)
- One uncontrolled pilot study (n=19) showing 12% VO₂max improvement
- USC Leonard Davis School (Nature Medicine 2015), Keio University (Cell Metabolism 2021)
- Strong mechanistic foundation, weak clinical translation data
- GHK-Cu
- Copper delivery to cuproenzymes (SOD1, lysyl oxidase)
- 50–70% increase in SOD1 activity, 2.5× collagen synthesis in fibroblasts
- Multiple RCTs for topical dermatological use; no systemic metabolic trials
- Linus Pauling Institute, University of California wound healing studies
- Robust topical evidence, no systemic metabolic data
- BPC-157
- VEGFR2/EGFR stabilisation, angiogenesis stimulation
- 340% increase in VEGF expression, accelerated wound closure in animal models
- Zero published human RCTs
- University of Zagreb (multiple animal studies 1993–2020)
- Consistent animal data across injury models, clinical data absent