Peptides for Drug Delivery

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Cell-penetrating Peptides (145)

Peptide Conjugates (102)

Peptide Linkers (26)

Responsive Peptides (14)

Self-assembling Peptides (43)

Targeting Peptides (192)

Peptides for Drug Delivery (544)

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Formula: C27H41N9O7

Molecular Weight: 603.67

Cyclo(-RGDfK) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the αvβ3 integrin, with an IC50 of 0.94 nM. Cyclo(-RGDfK) potently targets tumor microvasculature and cancer cells through the specific binding to the αvβ3 integrin on the cell surface.

August 31

Formula: C49H66N10O10S2

Molecular Weight: 1019.24

Octreotide (SMS 201-995) is a somatostatin receptor agonist and synthetic octapeptide endogenous somatostatin analogue. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) can bind to the somatostatin receptor and mainly subtypes 2, 3, and 5, increases Gi activity, and reduces intracellular cAMP production. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) has antitumor activity, mediates apoptosis and may also be used in disease studies in acromegaly.

Formula: C65H90N14O19S2

Molecular Weight: 1435.62

DOTATATE is a DOTA-conjugated peptide. DOTATATE can be labelled with radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and peptide receptor radionuclide research (PRRT). DOTATATE can be used for the synthesis/research of Radionuclide-Drug Conjugates (RDCs).

Formula: C24H34N8O7S

Molecular Weight: 578.64

Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) (Cyclo RGDfC), a cyclic RGD peptide which has high affinity to αvβ3, can disrupt cell integrin interactions. Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) inhibits pluripotent marker expression in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the tumorigenic potential of mESCs in vivo. Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) can be used in the research of tumors.

Formula: C76H104N18O19S2

Molecular Weight: 1637.88

Cyclic somatostatin (SRIF-14) is a growth hormone-release inhibiting factor used in the research of severe, acute hemorrhages of gastroduodenal ulcers. Cyclic somatostatin is a neuropeptide co-stored with acetylcholine in the cardiac parasympathetic innervation, exerts influences directly on contraction of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cyclic somatostatin inhibits the contractile response of isoprenaline with an IC50 value of 13 nM. Cyclic somatostatin can be used for the research of cardiovascular disease.

Formula: C33H30N2O5

Molecular Weight: 534.60

Fmoc-FF is a building block. Fmoc-FF-prepared hydrogels and nanogels selectively deliver Dexamethasone (HY-14648) to leukemia cells.

Formula: C59H107N11O18

Molecular Weight: 1258.54

NOTA-FZCD-3 is a NOTA (HY-134418)-labeled FZCD-3 polypeptide precursor that targets cathepsin D (CTSD) with a KD of 0.65 μM. NOTA-FZCD-3 binds specifically to the active site of CTSD, exhibits rapid in vivo clearance properties, and remains stable in blood for more than 2 h. NOTA-FZCD-3 can be used in studies monitoring CTSD-positive tumors.

Formula: C64H110N28O25.xC2HF3O2

Molecular Weight: 1671.73 (free acid)

RAD16-I, free acid TFA is a derivative of RADA16 (HY-P2632), with no Ac and NH2 modifications at both ends, and it has the same function as RADA16. RAD16-I, free acid TFA is a non-directed self-assembling peptide hydrogel. Under physiological conditions, RAD16-I, free acid TFA spontaneously forms a three-dimensional nanofiber network that mimics the extracellular matrix, and possesses excellent properties such as high water content, biocompatibility and degradability. RAD16-I, free acid TFA serves as an ideal scaffold for three-dimensional cell culture. RAD16-I, free acid TFA not only maintains cell viability and induces self-organization, but also supports cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and insulin secretion, effectively stabilizes islet clusters and promotes directed differentiation of the cardiac lineage. RAD16-I, free acid TFA can construct a cell-friendly nano-microenvironment for research related to diseases such as myocardial infarction and diabetes.

Formula: C149H243N53O39S

Molecular Weight: 3432.92

TAT-HA2 Fusion Peptide is a peptide-based delivery agent that combines the pH-sensitive HA2 fusion peptide from Influenza and the cell-penetrating peptide TAT from HIV. TAT-HA2 Fusion Peptide is a transactivator of transcription and hemaglutanin for endosomal release. TAT-HA2 Fusion Peptide enhances cellular uptake of macromolecules.

Formula: C107H154N30O32S

Molecular Weight: 2404.61

Angiopep-2-cys is a conjugate of Angiopep-2 hydrochloride (HY-P2341) and cysteine. Angiopep-2 hydrochloride is a brain peptide vector. The conjugation of anticancer agents with the Angiopep-2 peptide vector could increase their efficacy in the treatment of brain cancer.

Formula: C65H90N14O19S2.xC2H4O2

DOTATATE acetate is a DOTA-conjugated peptide. DOTATATE acetate can be labelled with radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and peptide receptor radionuclide research (PRRT). DOTATATE (acetate) can be used for the synthesis/research of Radionuclide-Drug Conjugates (RDCs).

Formula: C35H57N13O14S2

Molecular Weight: 948.04

iRGD peptide is a 9-amino acid cyclic peptide, triggers tissue penetration of agents by first binding to αv-integrins, then proteolytically cleaved in the tumor to produce CRGDK/R to interact with neuropilin-1, and has tumor-targeting and tumor-penetrating properties.

Formula: C64H93N19O19

Molecular Weight: 1432.54

CTP (cardiac targeting peptide) can transduce cardiomyocytes in vitro. CTP leads to efficient and specific transduction of heart tissue in mice model. CTP can be reversibly linked (e.g. via enolases, thiol groups) to cargo (e.g. miRNAs) for delivery specifically to cardiomyocytes over all other organs.

Formula: C60H80N14O14

Molecular Weight: 1221.36

Pentixafor is a peptide that targets CXCR4. Pentixafor is capable of being labelled with 68Gallium (68Ga) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Pentixafor can be used for the synthesis/research of Radionuclide-Drug Conjugates (RDCs).

Formula: C104H150ClN29O31

Molecular Weight: 2337.93

Angiopep-2 hydrochloride is a brain peptide vector. The conjugation of anticancer agents with the Angiopep-2 peptide vector could increase their efficacy in the treatment of brain cancer.

Formula: C124H169N27O37S2

Molecular Weight: 2693.96

INF7 is a derivative of the N-terminal domain of the HA2 protein and is sensitive to pH. INF7 disrupts the stability of endosomal membranes through a mechanism independent of membrane fusion. INF7 can be used to enhance the endosome escape of complex or liposome-encapsulated proteins. Co-encapsulation of INF7 and molecular imaging probes in liposomes can enhance intracellular signaling and probe retention.

Formula: C27H41N9O8

Molecular Weight: 619.67

Cyclo(RGDyK) is a potent and selective αVβ3 integrin inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM.

Formula: C64H118N32O14

Molecular Weight: 1559.83

TAT (YGRKKRRQRRR) is derived from the transactivator of transcription (TAT) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and is a cell-penetrating peptide. TAT can increase the yields and the solubility of heterologous proteins.

Formula: C182H275N55O48S

Molecular Weight: 4033.54

Peptide A5K (INF7-A5K-TAT) is an amphiphilic peptide derived from the HA2-TAT fusion scaffold. Peptide A5K can non-covalently bind to CRISPR ribonucleoproteins and efficiently deliver them to cells, such as primary human T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Peptide A5K enables low-toxicity, precise, and multiplex genome editing, holding great application potential in the field of cell therapy.

Formula: C56H94N18O20

Molecular Weight: 1339.45

PSAR18-COOH (Ac-PSAR18-COOH) is a polysarcosine PSAR derivative. PSAR is a biodegradable, non-immunogenic polymer that has been used in a variety of compounds or diagnostic delivery systems. PSAR18 can be used as a component of ADC linkers.

Camptothecin

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Connected reading

Helpful context for this guide

Source-derived material selected through this article’s indexed topics.

Key takeaways

BPC-157 accelerates burn wound closure through VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, reducing time to 50% closure by approximately 30–40% in rodent models at doses of 10–100 mcg/kg daily.
TB-500 promotes keratinocyte migration and reduces inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-alpha, IL-6) while increasing TGF-beta3, the isoform associated with scarless healing.
GHK-Cu improves collagen organization and reduces hypertrophic scarring in partial-thickness burns when applied topically at 1–5% concentration, but efficacy drops in full-thickness injuries.
None of these peptides are FDA-approved for human burn treatment. All evidence comes from preclinical animal models and in vitro studies.
Dosing, timing, and delivery method profoundly affect outcomes: systemic administration (BPC-157, TB-500) works for deep burns; topical application (GHK-Cu) requires intact dermal structures.

realpeptides.co

Peptides for Insomnia: Research Comparison

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) GABA-B sensitization, delta-opioid modulation Increases slow-wave sleep by 20–30%, preserves REM 15–30 minutes Small-batch synthesis required for sequenc…

Source: realpeptides.co

comparison

Peptides for Chest Wrinkles: Clinical Protocol Comparison

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) Chelates copper ions to activate lysyl oxidase, cross-linking procollagen into mature collagen fibers 1–3% in serum or cream base Twice daily (morning + night) 8–12 …

Source: realpeptides.co

comparison

Peptides for Chemotherapy Recovery Protocol Evidence Guide: Clinical Trial Comparison

Thymalin Thymic T-cell maturation, IL-2 receptor upregulation 68% higher CD4+ counts at nadir; 64% reduction in infection rates (Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 1998) Days 3, 5, 7 post-ch…

Source: realpeptides.co

Research context

Read sources and limitations before applying a claim.

Experimental Context Determines Peptide Selection: Matching Mechanism to Research Question

Selecting peptides for cellular senescence research compared to one another requires defining whether the research question targets senescence prevention, senescent cell clearance, or SASP mitigation. These are not interchangeable outcomes. Epithalon belongs in studies modeling replicative senescence in proliferation-competent cell lines (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, satellite cells) where telomere attrition drives arrest. Standard protocol: 1–10 µg/mL added to culture medium every 48 hours for 10–14 days during active proliferation. Telomere length analysis via qPCR or flow-FISH should show 20–40% lengthening versus vehicle control. This peptide has no role in post-mitotic tissues (neurons, cardiomyocytes) or in clearing pre-existing senescent populations. Using it in those contexts wastes reagent. FOXO4-DRI fits clearance studies in p53-functional senescent models. Chemotherapy-induced, oncogene-induced, or oxidative stress-induced senescence where p53 and p21 are upregulated but apoptosis is blocked. Dosing in vitro: 5–20 µM for 24–72 hours in cells pre-established as senescent (typically through adriamycin 150 nM for 24 hours, followed by 7-day recovery). Successful clearance is confirmed by reduced SA-β-gal staining, decreased p16INK4a mRNA, and increased Annexin V positivity (apoptosis marker). In vivo murine studies use 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day for 1–2 weeks. Researchers working with p53-null or p53-mutant cell lines should skip FOXO4-DRI entirely. It cannot function without intact p53-mediated apoptosis machinery. Published failures we've reviewed: attempting FOXO4-DRI clearance in naturally aged human tissue samples where >40% of senescent cells carry p53 loss-of-function mutations. GHK-Cu addresses inflammatory tissue damage from persistent senescent cells in models where complete clearance is impractical or undesirable. Example: aged cartilage explants, where senescent chondrocytes contribute to osteoarthritis but removing them destabilizes extracellular matrix architecture. GHK-Cu at 1–10 µM reduces MMP-1, MMP-3, and IL-1β secretion without depleting cellularity. We've found this approach works best in 3D tissue culture and ex vivo organ models. Standard 2D monolayer studies underestimate the structural importance of keeping senescent cells in place while muting their inflammatory output. Combination protocols are emerging: FOXO4-DRI for initial senolytic clearance of the most damaged cells (those with highest p21 expression), followed by GHK-Cu to manage residual low-level SASP from cells that resist apoptosis. No published work yet defines optimal sequencing or dosing intervals for this combination. It remains an open research question. Our peptide synthesis focuses on providing the exact amino acid sequences and copper complex ratios that published studies reference, because reagent purity directly determines reproducibility in senescence experiments where 10 µM concentration differences alter outcomes.

Source: realpeptides.co ↗

Clinical Evidence from Controlled Trials

The largest selank trial to date enrolled 168 participants with diagnosed GAD (DSM-5 criteria) across multiple research centers. Published in 2023 in the Journal of Affective Disorders, the double-blind placebo-controlled study compared intranasal selank (600mcg twice daily) against placebo over 12 weeks. The primary endpoint. HAM-A score reduction of ≥50% from baseline. Was achieved in 64% of selank participants versus 22% placebo. Importantly, no participants developed tolerance or rebound anxiety after discontinuation, and cognitive testing showed no impairment in attention, memory, or psychomotor speed. Semax research in anxiety disorders includes a 2020 Russian Federation trial involving 142 patients with comorbid GAD and major depressive disorder. The protocol used subcutaneous semax at 300mcg daily for eight weeks alongside standard SSRI therapy. Combined treatment produced 58% response rates (defined as ≥50% reduction in both HAM-A and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores) compared to 34% for SSRI monotherapy. The synergistic effect suggests semax's BDNF-mediated neuroplasticity enhances antidepressant efficacy through complementary mechanisms. Cerebrolysin evidence comes primarily from stroke and traumatic brain injury research, where anxiety is a common secondary outcome. A 2022 meta-analysis in CNS Drugs reviewed 14 controlled trials totaling 1,847 participants and found cerebrolysin produced standardized mean difference of −0.68 in anxiety scale scores compared to placebo. A moderate-to-large effect size. The consistency across diverse patient populations (stroke, dementia, TBI) suggests the anxiolytic mechanism is robust and not limited to specific anxiety subtypes.

Source: realpeptides.co ↗

Practical and safety references

These excerpts are educational, not personalised medical instructions.

Dosage reference

Peptide Administration Protocols: Dosing, Timing, and Cofactor Support

Standard peptide protocols for migraine prevention involve daily or every-other-day subcutaneous injections, typically administered in the morning to align with circadian cortisol rhythms. Cortisol peaks between 6:00–8:00 AM in most individuals. This is the window when the HPA axis is most responsive to exogenous modulatory signals. Administering anti-inflammatory peptides during this window appears to enhance receptor sensitivity based on chronopharmacology principles, though direct RCT evidence for timing effects remains limited. A representative KPV-based protocol: 500 mcg subcutaneous injection daily for 12 weeks, followed by a maintenance phase of 500 mcg three times per week. Reconstitution requires bacteriostatic water at a 1:1 ratio (1 mL per 5 mg vial), stored at 2–8°C, and used within 28 days. Injection sites rotate between abdomen, lateral thigh, and upper arm to prevent lipodystrophy. Patients with BMI >30 may require dose adjustment to 750 mcg daily based on volume-of-distribution pharmacokinetics, though clinical data supporting specific BMI-adjusted dosing remains sparse. Cofactor supplementation significantly improves peptide efficacy. Magnesium glycinate (400 mg elemental magnesium daily) stabilizes neuronal membranes and reduces cortical spreading depression frequency. A 2019 meta-analysis in Headache found magnesium supplementation reduced migraine days by 2.7 days/month on average. Riboflavin (400 mg daily) supports mitochondrial Complex I function, addre…

Source: realpeptides.co ↗

Potential benefits

Immunomodulatory benefits of LL-37

The reported immune-assisting benefits of this peptide include: Control of fungal invasion A viable alternative to antibiotics Regulation of bacterial intrusion Antiviral effects Quick recuperation from wounds and injuries Stimulation of immune cells

Source: livvnatural.com ↗

About the author

Peptide Therapy Guide Editorial Team

Editorial team for Peptide Therapy Guide.

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Peptides for Drug Delivery

Peptides for Drug Delivery (544)

Related questions

Peptides for Insomnia: Research Comparison

Peptides for Chest Wrinkles: Clinical Protocol Comparison

Peptides for Chemotherapy Recovery Protocol Evidence Guide: Clinical Trial Comparison

Experimental Context Determines Peptide Selection: Matching Mechanism to Research Question

Clinical Evidence from Controlled Trials

Peptide Administration Protocols: Dosing, Timing, and Cofactor Support

Immunomodulatory benefits of LL-37

Peptide Therapy Guide Editorial Team

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