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LL-37, Antimicrobial Peptide, human - 1 mg

You are here: Home Our catalog Products Peptides Catalog LL-37, Antimicrobial Peptide, human - 1 mg Peptides Cat.Number : AS-61302 Manufacturer Ref. : Availability : In stock Delivery : Estimated restocking date : Alternative choices Overview Specifications Do

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Peptides

  • Cat.Number : AS-61302
  • Manufacturer Ref. :
  • Availability :

    In stock

    Delivery :

    Estimated restocking date :

Alternative choices

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37, belonging to the cathelicidin family, is the first amphipathic alpha-helical peptide isolated from human. It plays an important role in the first line of defense against local infection and systemic invasion of pathogens at sites of inflammation and wounds. Cytotoxic to both bacterial and normal eukaryotic cells , LL-37 is significantly resistant to proteolytic degradation in solution.

Specifications

Chemistry
Sequence one letter code
  • LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES
Sequence three letter code
  • H-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH
CAS registry number
  • 154947-66-7
Molecular Formula
  • C205H340N60O53
Molecular Mass/ Weight
  • 4493.6
Modification
Conjugation
  • Unconjugated
Quantity & Purity
Purity
  • Peak Area by HPLC ≥95%
Storage & stability
Form
  • Lyophilized
Storage Conditions
  • - 20 °C
Activity
Biomarker Target
Research Area
Sub-category Research Area
Usage
  • Research use
Source
Source / Species
  • human

Citations

Chlamydial plasmid-encoded virulence factor Pgp3 neutralizes the antichlamydial activity of human cathelicidin LL-37

Infect Immun . 2015 Sep 28 ; 83(12) 4701 | DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00746-15

  • S. Hou

Acyl carrier protein is a bacterial cytoplasmic target of cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37

Biochem J . 2015 Jul 17 ; 470(2) 243 | DOI : 10.1042/BJ20150432.

  • MC. Chung

d-Alanine Modification of a Protease-Susceptible Outer Membrane Component by the Bordetella pertussis dra Locus Promotes Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Mediated Killing

J Bacteriol. . 2013 Sep 06 ; 195(22) 5102 | DOI : 10.1128/JB.00510-13

  • NK. Taneja

Structure-informed design of an enzymatically inactive vaccine component for group A Streptococcus.

mBio . 2013 Aug 06 ; 4(4) e00509 | DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00509-13

  • A. Henningham

β-Defensins activate human mast cells via Mas-Related Gene X2.

J Immunol . 2013 May 22 ; 191(1) 345 | DOI : 10.4049/​jimmunol.1300023.

  • H. Subramanian

Lipopolysaccharide-Deficient Acinetobacter baumannii Shows Altered Signaling through Host Toll-Like Receptors and Increased Susceptibility to the Host Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37

Infect Immun. . 2013 Mar 01 ; 81(3) 684 | DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01362-12

  • JH. Moffatt

Screening Antimicrobial Peptides In Vitro for Use in Developing Transgenic Citrus Resistant to Huanglongbing and Citrus Canker

Ameri Soci Horticul Sci . 2013 Mar 01 ; 138(2) 142 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.138.2.142

  • E. Stover

EptC of Campylobacter jejuni Mediates Phenotypes Involved in Host Interactions and Virulence

Infect Immun . 2012 Nov 26 ; 81(2) 430 | DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01046-12

  • TW. Cullen

Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A Streptococcus Resistance to Killing by Human Cells

mBio . 2012 Oct 23 ; 3(5) e00394 | DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00394-12

  • JF. Love

Helical antimicrobial polypeptides with radial amphiphilicity.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2012 Oct 12 ; 112(43) 13155 | DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1507893112

  • M. Xiong

Clostridium difficile clinical isolates exhibit variable susceptibility and proteome alterations upon exposure to mammalian cationic antimicrobial peptides.

Anaerobe . 2012 Sep 24 ; 18(6) 614 | DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M110.206110

  • R. McQuade

Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Expression Is Not Induced or Required for Bacterial Clearance during Salmonella enterica Infection of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Infect Immun. . 2012 Aug 27 ; 80(11) 3930 | DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00672-12

  • KL. Strandberg

Fatty Acids Regulate Stress Resistance and Virulence Factor Production for Listeria monocytogenes

J Bacteriol  . 2012 Jul 27 ; 194 5274 | DOI : 10.1128/​JB.00045-12

  • Y. Sun

Cationic antimicrobial peptides disrupt the Streptococcus pyogenes ExPortal

Mol Microbiol . 2012 Jul 11 ; 85(6) 1119 | DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08163.x

  • LA. Vega

Importance of the disulfide bridges in the antibacterial activity of human hepcidin

Peptides. . 2012 Jun 15 ; 36(2) 303 | DOI : 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.001

  • A. Hocquellet

Sulfolipid-1 Biosynthesis Restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth in Human Macrophages

ACS Chem Biol. . 2012 Feb 24 ; 7(5) 863 | DOI : 10.1021/cb200311s

  • SA. Gilmore

Ampicillin Enhances Daptomycin- and Cationic Host Defense Peptide-Mediated Killing of Ampicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. . 2011 Nov 28 ; 56(2) 838 | DOI : 10.1128/AAC.05551-11

  • G. Sakoulas

Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2) is a novel G protein-coupled receptor for the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in human mast cells: resistance to receptor phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization.

J Biol Chem . 2011 Nov 08 ; 286(52) 44739 | DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M111.277152

  • H. Subramanian

The bone marrow-expressed antimicrobial cationic peptide LL-37 enhances the responsiveness of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells to an SDF-1 gradient and accelerates their engraftment after transplantation

Leukemia . 2011 Sep 20 ; 26(4) 736 | DOI : 10.1038/leu.2011.252

  • W. Wu

Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm to Alpha-Helical Peptides: D-enantiomer of LL-37

Front Microbiol.  . 2011 Jul 04 ; 2 128 | DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00128

  • SN. Dean

Real-time attack on single Escherichia coli cells by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37

PNAS . 2011 Apr 04 ; 108(16) E77 | DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1101130108

  • KA. Sochacki

Hormonally active vitamin D3 (1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol) triggers autophagy in human macrophages that inhibits HIV-1 infection.

JBC . 2011 Mar 30 ; 286(21) 18890 | DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M110.206110

  • GR. Campbell
  • SA. Spector

The dlt operon confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides in Clostridium difficile

Microbiology.  . 2011 Feb 17 ; 157(Pt5) 1457 | DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.045997-0

  • SM. McBride

Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.

Stem Cells . 2010 Oct 13 ; 28(12) 2229 | DOI : 10.1002/stem.544

  • A. Krasnodembskaya

Suppressive effect of the antimicrobial peptide LL‐37 on expression of IL‐6, IL‐8 and CXCL10 induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis cells and extracts in human gingival fibroblasts

Eur J Oral Sci. . 2010 Sep 30 ; 118(6) 574 | DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00775.x

  • KA. Inomata

Increased serum leucine, leucine-37 levels in psoriasis: Positive and negative feedback loops of leucine, leucine-37 and pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines

Hum Immunol . 2010 Sep 16 ; 71(12) 1161 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2010.09.005

  • N. Kanda

M Protein and Hyaluronic Acid Capsule Are Essential for In Vivo Selection of covRS Mutations Characteristic of Invasive Serotype M1T1 Group A Streptococcus

mBio. . 2010 Aug 31 ; 1(4) e00191 | DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00191-10

  • JN. Cole

Exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG form a protective shield against innate immune factors in the intestine

Microb Biotechnol . 2010 Aug 17 ; 4(3) 368 | DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00199.x

  • S. Lebeer

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of cathelicidins and short, synthetic peptides against Francisella

BBRC . 2010 May 28 ; 396(2) 246 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.073

  • L. Amer

Structure–activity relationship of human liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2.

Peptides . 2010 Jan 31 ; 31(1) 58 | DOI : 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.10.006

  • A. Hocquellet

Fluorescence and UV resonance Raman study of peptide−vVesicle interactions of human cCathelicidin LL-37 and its F6W and F17W mutants

Biochem . 2009 Dec 01 ; 48(47) 11264 | DOI : 10.1021/bi900996q.

  • JE. Gable

LL-37 via EGFR Transactivation to Promote High Glucose–Attenuated Epithelial Wound Healing in Organ-Cultured Corneas

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. . 2009 Sep 24 ; 51(4) 1891 | DOI : 10.1167/iovs.09-3904

  • J. Yin
  • FS. Yu

Toxins and antimicrobial peptides: interactions with membranes

Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng.  . 2009 Aug 21 ; 7397 pii73970J | DOI : 10.1117/12.827439

  • DE. Schlamadinger

Impaired mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in C5-deficient mice supports the pivotal involvement of innate immunity in this process and reveals novel promobilization effects of granulocytes

Leukemia. . 2009 Aug 06 ; 23(11) 2052 | DOI : 10.1038/leu.2009.158

  • HM. Lee

Decreased outer membrane permeability protects mycobacteria from killing by ubiquitin-derived peptides.

Mol Microbiol . 2009 Aug 06 ; 73(5) 844 | DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06801.x.

  • GE. Purdy

Burkholderia cenocepacia zinc metalloproteases influence resistance to antimicrobial peptides.

Microbiology. . 2009 Jun 18 ; 155(Pt9) 2818 | DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.028969-0

  • C. Kooi
  • PA. Sokol

References

LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides

Biochim Biophys Acta . 2006 Sep 01 ; 1758(9) 1408 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030

  • UHN. Dürr
  • et al

Lipid Headgroup Discrimination by Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37: Insight into Mechanism of Action

Biophys J . 2006 Feb 15 ; 90(4) 1275 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.067595

  • F. Neville
  • et al

Structure and organization of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in phospholipid membranes: relevance to the molecular basis for its non-cell-selective activity

Biochem. J. . 1999 Jul 26 ; 341(3) 501 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3410501

  • Z. Oren
  • et al

Connected reading

Helpful context for this guide

Source-derived material selected through this article’s indexed topics.

Related questions

01Is LL-37 safe?

With regard to safety, LL-37 has a few issues. As of 2026, LL-37 remains on the Category 2 list of bulk drug substances, a roster of substances that the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has identified as posing significant safety risks . The FDA has presented a fourfold reasoning for LL-37’s placement in this category: 11 Immunogenicity: By some routes of administration, LL-37 may trigger an immune response in which the body regards it as a harmful substance, possibly owing to “complexities with regard to peptide-related impurities and API characterization.” Called immunogenicity , this immune response is similar to an allergic reaction and can be similarly life-threatening. “Detrimental effects on male reproduction”: Nonclinical studies suggest that LL-37 is capable of spermicidal activity. These studies have examined the peptide’s effects on both animal and human sperm. 12 Tumorigenesis: According to some research studies, LL-37 may spur tumor growth in the ovaries, lungs, breasts, prostate, pancreas, and skin. 13 Lack of safety studies: Per the FDA, there isn’t enough “safety-related information regarding cathelicidin LL-37 to know whether the drug would cause harm when administered to humans.” Recall, though, that a 2014 randomized, placebo-controlled trial reported “no safety concerns regarding local or systemic adverse events.” Though that would seem to contradict the FDA’s official statements about LL-37, it’s still just one study. As LL-37 will soon come under FDA review for potential recategorization, we may see an increase in human research on the peptide, revealing whether it’s safer or more dangerous than the existing literature suggests. We’ll be following such developments and updating this guide accordingly.

Source: www.innerbody.com ↗
comparison

How Should Approved Use Versus Investigational Research Be Separated?

Approved use means a regulator has reviewed a specific product for a specific indication and labeling. Investigational research means a compound is being studied and may not have establishe…

Source: peptidedosages.com
Research context

Read sources and limitations before applying a claim.

Researchers Cited in This Article

The researchers below authored or co-authored publications cited in this article. Listing them here identifies sources; it does not mean they wrote, independently reviewed, sponsored, or endorsed this PeptideDosages.com article. The site author is identified in the article byline.

Source: peptidedosages.com ↗

for sale ll-37 research peptide

Methodologically, published studies frequently emphasize rigorous controls and validated assays to isolate peptide-specific effects. When LL-37 is combined with complementary research tools, investigators often test for additivity or pathway selectivity. Any observed changes are reported as laboratory findings rather than clinical recommendations.

Source: puretestedpeptides.com ↗
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